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References

1. Digital communications technologies and the Internet are making that one-way construct obsolete. Clay Shirky, who teaches in the Interactive Telecommunications Program at New York University, calls this “the amateurization of publishing.” He says it poses a question to traditional media: What happens when the costs of reproduction and distribution go away? What happens when there’s nothing unique about publishing anymore, because users can do it for themselves? Shirky, S. (2008). Here comes everybody: The power of organizing without organizations (pp. 60–61). New York, NY: Penguin Press.

2. Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2007).The elements of journalism: What newspeople should Know and the public should expect (p. 12), (Rev. ed.). New York, NY: Three Rivers Press.

3. Leonard Downie, Jr., and Michael Schudson conclude, “What is under threat is independent reporting that provides information, investigation, analysis, and community knowledge, particularly in the coverage of local affairs. Reporting the news means telling citizens what they would not otherwise know.” Downie, L., Jr., & Schudson, M. (2009, October 19).The reconstruction of American journalism. Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved from http://www.cjr.org/reconstruction/the_reconstruction_of_american.php?page=all

4. Shirky, S. (2009, March 13). Newspapers and thinking the unthinkable [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2009/03/newspapers-and-thinking-the-unthinkable/

5. Fancher, M. R. (2010).Of the Press: Models for transforming American journalism:A report of the 2009 Aspen Institute Forum on Communications and Society (p. 41). Washington DC: The Aspen Institute. Retrieved from http://www.aspeninstitute.org/policy-work/communications-society/programs-topic/culture-technology/forum-communications-society-f-5.

6. The concept of an information ecosystem is explored by Steven Berlin Johnson in his blog. Berlin, S. B. (2009, March 14). Old growth media and the future of news [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.stevenberlinjohnson.com/2009/03/the-following-is-a-speech-i-gave-yesterday-at-the-south-by-southwest-interactive-festival-in-austiniif-you-happened-to-being.html

7. In the emerging news ecosystem, enterprises must also collaborate more effectively, according to Jeff Jarvis, director of the interactive Journalism Program at the City University of New York. The new ecosystem is a network with distributed ownership. People own what they create, and they need to succeed on their own. The players in this interactive world need to ask, How do we work together to align our interests so that if you succeed, we all succeed? (Fancher, Of the Press, p. 8). 8. Shirky describes a ladder of activities that are enabled or improved by social tools. “The rungs on the ladder, in order of difficulty, are sharing, cooperation and collective action” (Shirky, 20089, p. 49).

9. Jarvis, J. (2008). Forward. In C.Beckett, SuperMedia: Saving journalism so it can save the world (p. ix). West Sussex, UK: Blackwell/ Wiley.

10. Jacob Caggiano. “Online Media Guide – Washington State.” http://wanewscouncil.org/?s=online+media+guide January 25, 2011 .

11. KOMOnews.com. (n.d.). Get connected with your community. Retrieved fromhttp://www.komonews.com/communities

12. Nextdoormedia.com. (2011, January 25). A very big year for Next Door Media. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nextdoormedia.com/

13. Seattlepi.com. (n.d.). About seattlepi.com. Retrieved March 6, 2011, from http://www.seattlepi.com/facts/

14. See http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/flatpages/local/neighborhoodnewsfeeds.html

15. See Turnbull, L. (2010, August 28). Invisible families: The homeless you don’t see. The Seattle Times. Retrieved from http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/flatpages/local/invisiblefamilies.html

16. Hibbard, R. (2010, August 24).“InvestigateWest: Lessons from the first year [Blog post]. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.knightdigitalmediacenter.org/leadership_blog/comments/20100824_investigatewest_lessons_from_the_first_year/

17. Seattletimes.com. (2010, October 25).Seattle Times, KING 5 form local online ad network. Retrieved from http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2013256831_belocal26.html

18. New American Media (2010, June 13). Ethnic media hub launches in Seattle. Retrieved from http://newamericamedia.org/2010/06/ethnic-media-hub-launches-in-seattle.php

19. The Seattle Foundation. (2010, September 13).The Seattle Foundation receives $185K challenge grant from the Knight Foundation [News release]. Retrieved from http://www.seattlefoundation.org/news/pressroom/Pages/TheSeattleFoundationreceives$185KchallengegrantfromtheKnightFoundation.aspx

20. Kilborn-Miller, P. (2011, February 11). Improving global health journalism in the northwest. Retrieved from http://journalismthatmatters.org/blog/2011/02/11/improving-global-health-journalism-in-the-northwest/

21. Fancher, M. (2010). JTMPNW and the Knight Commission on the information needs of communities. Retrieved from at http://www.jtmpnw.org/knightReport.cfm?aId=DDEBF309-C29B-57E0-82756B1411433AE6

22. Durkin, J., Glaisyer, T.,&Hadge, K. (2010, November) An information community case study: Seattle (Rel. 2.1) Retrieved from http://mediapolicy.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/SeattleCaseStudy.pdf23. Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism. (2010) Introduction. In The state of the news media 2010. Retrieved from http://stateofthemedia.org/2010/overview-3/

24. Participants at the 2009 Aspen Institute Forum on Communications and Society identified restoring public trust as critical to the future of journalism. Their discussion included ideas for how technology might be used in this cause. (Fancher, Of the Press, pp. 38–40) See also Hamer, J. (2009, May 4).How the ‘TAO of journalism’ can help the news media. Retrieved from http://wanewscouncil.org/2009/05/04/how-the-%E2%80%98tao-of-journalism%E2%80%99-can-help-the-news-media/

25. Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism. (2010). News leaders and the future. In The state of the news media 2010. Retrieved from http://stateofthemedia.org/2010/special-reports-economic-attitudes/survey-of-news-executives/

26. “Access to credible and knowledgeable sources from all segments of the community will be easier for newsrooms whose journalists are connected to all of a community’s ethnic, social, economic, and political subnetworks. If any segment of the community is unrepresented among the people who do the work of journalism, the accuracy and credibility of that journalism suffers. Conversely, a news organization’s commitment to represent the entire community can help overcome the sense of social exclusion that exists in many communities and discourages engagement.” Knight Commission on the Information Needs of Communities in a Democracy. (2009). Informing communities: Sustaining democracy in the digital age (p. 56).Retrieved from http://www.knightcomm.org/recommendation11/

27. Editor & Publisher. (2010, June 16).E&P’s interactive media conference kicks off with a wake-up call. Retrieved from http://www.editorandpublisher.com/Headlines/ep%E2%80%99s-interactive-media-conference-kicks-off-with-a-wake-up-call-61708-.aspx

28. See Fancher, Of the Press, p. 32.

29. Fancher, M. R. (2009, Fall). The journalist’s creed for the 21stcentury.” Nieman Reports. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reportsitem.aspx?id=101895.

30. McLellan, M. (2010, April 16). Seeking sustainability: The business of nonprofit news [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://rjionline.org/blog/seeking-sustainability-business-nonprofit-news31. Peck, C. (2011, January 10). ASNE survey looks at tech’s impact on the editor’s job. American Society of News Editors. Retrieved from http://asne.org/article_view/smid/370/articleid/1731.aspx

32. Society of Professional Journalists Digital Committee. (2010).Will SPJ remain relevant in the digital age?Retrieved from http://spj.org/pdf/com/SPJ-DMC-Report-Final.pdf

33. Ricchiardi, S. (2009, February/March).Share and share alike. Retrieved from http://www.ajr.org/article_printable.asp?id=4685

34. Karp, S. (2010, December 20). Clay Shirky’s right that syndication’s getting disrupted—but not in the ways he thinks it is. Retrieved from http://www.niemanlab.org/2010/12/scott-karp-clay-shirkys-right-that-syndications-getting-disrupted-%E2%80%94-but-not-in-the-ways-he-thinks-it-is/

35. Stelter, B. (2010, December 30). Nonprofit news may thrive in Comcast takeover. The New York Times. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/31/business/media/31comcast.html?_r=1&ref=media

36. Myers, S. (2011, January 19). Nonprofit news orgs see validation, new funding in Comcast-NBC merger. Retrieved fromhttp://www.poynter.org/latest-news/top-stories/115297/nonprofit-journalists-encouraged-by-potential-partnerships-with-nbc-stations-after-comcast-merger/

37. Schaffer, J. (2010). New voices: What works (pp, 7, 21). Retrieved from http://www.kcnn.org/nv_whatworks/pdf

38. American Society of Newspaper Editors. (n.d.). Key initiatives: Diversity. Retrieved from http://asne.org/key_initiatives/diversity.aspx

39. American Society of Newspaper Editors. (2011, April 7). Newsroom employment up slightly, minority numbers plunge for third year. Retrieved from http://asne.org/article_view/articleid/1788/newsroom-employment-up-slightly-minority-numbers-plunge-for-third-year.aspx

40. Schaffer, J. (2010, April 30). Remarks to the Federal Communications Commission. Public and Other Noncommercial Media in the Digital Era. Washington, DC. Retrieved from http://www.j-lab.org/workshops/category/speeches/public-and-other-noncommercial-media-in-the-digital-era/

41. McLellan, M. (2010, June 1). Michele’s list: Promising local news sites [Blog post].

Retrieved from http://www.rjionline.org/projects/mcellan/stories/community-news-sites/index.php

42. McLellan, M. (2010, June 22).Part 4: Toward sustainability. Community news survey. Retrieved from http://www.rjionline.org/fellows-program/mclellan/block-by-block/part-4.php

43. McLellan, M. (2010, September 29). Block by block: Imagining the sequel(s) [Blog post]. Retrieved http://rjiblog.org/2010/09/29/block-by-block-imagining-the-sequels/

44. See http://mediapolicy.newamerica.net/information_communities_case_studies

45. See Journalism That Matters Pacific Northwest. (2010). Mapping the news and information ecosystem. Re-imagining news and community in the Pacific Northwest. Retrieved from http://www.jtmpnw.org/knightReport.cfm?aId=DE251F25-C29B-57E0-8CC655C0C90DA26E

46. See http://wanewscouncil.org/newslab/

47. For information see http://www.cjr.org/the_news_frontier_database/2010/01/welcome-to-the-news-frontier-database.php

48. The pilot projects are in San Jose, Philadelphia and Macon, Georgia. Information is available at http://www.knightfoundation.org/scorecard/details.dot

49 Adams, R. (2010, March 4). Mapping your community’s news ecosystem. Retrieved from http://www.informationneeds.org/session6b

50. Thorson, E., & Newton, E. (2008).Indexing community information needs in a democracy. Retrieved from http://www.informationneeds.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/communityInformationneedsFeb10.doc

51. Kaufman, P. B., &Albon, M. (2010, April 20). Commercial sector dwarfs philanthropy in media support. Retrieved from http://gfem.org/node/873

52. Sopher, S. (2010).Seekingsustainability: A nonprofit news roundtable summary & report. Retrieved from http://www.knightfoundation.org/dotAsset/364240.pdf

53. Ibid., pp.23–24.

54. See Chin, D. (2010). Measuring the online impact of your information project. Retrieved from http://www.knightfoundation.org/research_publications/detail.dot?id=370646

55. Shirky, C. (2010).Cognitive surplus: Creativity and generosity in a connected age (p. 191). New York, NY: Penguin Press.

56. Fancher, Of the Press,p. 19.

57. Kaufman& Albon, pp. 4–5.

58. Investigative News Network. (2009, July 1). The Pocantico Declaration: Creating a nonprofit investigativenews network. Retrieved from http://investigativenewsnetwork.org/about/pocantico-declaration

59. Adams, R. (2010, September 13). Locally focused foundations increase support for community news and information projects [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.informationneeds.org/round-iii-kcic-winners

60. See http://www.neweranews.org/about and http://www.j-newvoices.org/site/story_grantees09/new_era_media/december

61. See http://www.williampennfoundation.org/news_keywords3559/news_keywords_show.htm?doc_id=1224456

62. Schaffer, J. (2010). $2.4M to launch a Philly journalism project [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.j-lab.org/ideas/category/blogically-thinking/2.4m-to-launch-a-philly-journalism-project/

63. Mortenson, E. (2011, January 17). As Portland media shrink, Metro joins a national trend by hiring a reporter to cover itself. The Oregonian. Retrieved from the OregonLive website: http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2011/01/as_portland_media_shrink_metro.html

64. Eric Newton identifies the trends as (1) connecting with the whole university; (2) innovating content and technology;(3) teaching open, collaborative models; and (4) providing digital news in new engaging ways. Lawrence, A. S. (2010, August 4). Journalism education’s four transformational trends [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.knightblog.org/aejmc

65. Knight Foundation. (2010, September 20). New programs in entrepreneurial journalism at CUNY [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.knightfoundation.org/news/press_room/knight_press_releases/detail.dot?id=368814

66. See http://news21.com/learn/

67. See http://necir-bu.org/wp/about/

68. See http://journalism.berkeley.edu/

69. See http://www.intersectionssouthla.org/and http://www.alhambrasource.org/about

70. See http://grossepointetoday.com/

71. Teachers College, Columbia University. (2009, November 24). The non-profit news sphere. Retrieved from http://www.tc.edu/news/article.htm?id=7249

72. See http://austintalks.org/about/

73. See http://journalism.nyu.edu/lev/

74. Tenore, M. J. (2010, June 13). 5 strategies for successful news organization-university partnerships. Retrieved from http://www.poynter.org/latest-news/top-stories/103780/5-strategies-for-successful-news-organization-university-partnerships/

75. See http://www.aejmcdenver.org/?p=1145

76. Rainie, L. (2010, November 5). How libraries can serve networked individuals. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/Presentations/2010/Nov/Tampa-Bay-Library-Consortium.aspx

77. See http://knowledgenetwork.wikidot.com/

78. See http://www.imls.gov/about/about.shtm

79. Densmore, B. (2011, April 7). Consensus? The opportunity for journalist/librarian collaboration. Retrieved from http://journalismthatmatters.org/biblionews/

80. Purcell, K., Rainie, l., Mitchell, A., Rosenstiel, T., & Olmstead, K. (2010, March 1). Understanding the participatory news consumer. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Online-News.aspx http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2010/Online-News.aspx

81. Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism. (2010). Introduction. In The state of the news media 2010.Retrieved from http://stateofthemedia.org/2010/overview-3

82. Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism. (2009). Introduction. In The state of the news media 2009. Retrieved from http://www.stateofthemedia.org/2009/narrative_overview_intro.php?cat=0&media=1

83. Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism. (2010).Introduction. In The state of the news media 2010. Retrieved from http://stateofthemedia.org/2010/overview-3

84. Fair Syndication Consortium. (2009). How U.S. newspaper content is reused and monetized online [Research brief]. Retrieved from http://fairsyndication.org/guidelines/USnewspapercontentreusestudy.pdf

85. Ahearn, C. (2009, August 4). Why I believe in the link economy [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://blogs.reuters.com/mediafile/2009/08/04/why-i-believe-in-the-link-economy/

86. Fair Syndication Consortium. (2009). Content syndication &management guidelines 0.9. Retrieved from

http://www.fairsyndication.org/guidelines/Content_Syndication_and_Management_Guidelines_v0%209.pdf

87. Principles for user generated content services. (2007, October 18). Retrieved from http://www.ugcprinciples.com/index.html

88. Internet and media industry leaders unveil principles to foster online innovation while protecting copyrights [News release]. (2007, October 18). Retrieved from http://www.ugcprinciples.com/press_release.html

89. Fair use principles for user generated video content. (2007, October 31). Retrieved from the Electronic Frontier Foundation website: http://www.eff.org/issues/ip-and-free-speech/fair-use-principles-usergen

90. Lohmann, F. von. (2007, October 31). Fair use principles for ‘UGC.’ Retrieved fromhttp://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2007/10/fair-use-principles-ugc

91. Contreras M. G. (2010, August 16). Presentation to the Aspen Institute Forum on Communications and Society [Video file]. Aspen, CO. Retrieved from http://www.livestream.com/aspeninstitute.
PDF of presentation available at http://www.knightcomm.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/FOCAS10_Mark_Contreras_Scripps_Presentation.pdf

92. Nielson. (2010, September 27).Nielsen unveils new online advertising measurement [News release]. Retrieved from http://en-us.nielsen.com/content/nielsen/en_us/news/news_releases/2010/september/nielsen_unveils_newonlineadvertisingmeasurement.html

93. Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism (2011).Major trends. In The state of the news media 2011. Retrieved from http://stateofthemedia.org/2011/overview-2/major-trends/

94. Shrihari (Hari) Sridhar, Murali Mantrala, Esther Thorson,”Newspaper Budgeting and Allocating: An Econometric Approach.”Available at

http://www.rjionline.org/presentations/stories/may-conference/stories/econometric-appraoch/index.php

95. “Four Revenue Generators That Newspaper Publishers Overlook.” Available at http://www.rjionline.org/events/stories/research-event/index.php

96. Padgett, S. (2010, February 25). Local media 2.0 [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://rjionline.org/blog/local-media-20

97. Jarvis, J. (2010, February). NewBizNews: What ad sales people hear. Retrieved from http://newsinnovation.com/2010/02/05/newbiznews-what-ad-sales-people-here/

98. Firestone, C. (2010, June 15). The pixelization of journalism. Retrieved fromhttp://www.knightcomm.org/charlie-firestone-the-pixelization-of-journalism/

99. Padgett, S. (2009, October 14). Behavioral targeting: Critical for online advertising.Retrieved from http://www.rjionline.org/projects/padgett/stories/behavioral-targeting/index.php

100. Chase, D. (2010, May 11). The next step in advertising: Local media as merchants? OJR: The Online Journalism Review. Retrieved from http://www.ojr.org/ojr/people/dchase/201005/1849/

101. “The idea is Deal Brokering. You use your knowledge of the local scene, your brand and your contacts to negotiate group deals with local businesses from bars to restaurants to dry cleaners. The businesses offer big one-time discounts to attract new customers, your audience gets access to great deals, and you broker the deal on your site and get a substantial cut of the money.”Skoler, M. (2010, April 16).Steal this idea! Hot new revenue for news [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://rjicollab.ning.com/profiles/blogs/steal-this-idea-hot-new.

102. Needleman, S. E. (2010, February 23). Services combine social media, marketing. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved fromhttp://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703787304575076001164243926.html

103. McLellan, M. (2011, April 14). In local community news space, advertising rules but it’s not the only revenue source [Blog post]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.knightdigitalmediacenter.org/leadership_blog/comments/20110413_in_local_community_news_space_advertising_rules_but_its_not_the_on/

104. Garber, M. (2011, January 5). Why ProPublica is publishing web ads—and what that means for the nonprofit outfit’s funding future. Retrieved from http://www.niemanlab.org/2011/01/why-propublica-is-publishing-web-ads-and-what-that-means-for-the-nonprofit-outfits-funding-future/

105.Fleming, K. (2010, September 10). Contextual advertising is valuable if it is relevant and appropriately placed. Retrieved fromhttp://www.rjionline.org/research/stories/apme-credibility/index.php#summary

106. “The prospect of an economic model for journalism online made only limited progress in 2009, even as the industry’s eagerness to find new Internet-based revenue sources intensified. Signs that advertising, at least in any familiar form, would ever grow to levels sufficient to finance journalism online seemed further in doubt.” Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism (2010). Online Economics. In The state of the news media 2010. Retrieved from http://stateofthemedia.org/2010/online-summary-essay/economics/

107. Beckett, L. (2010, December 13). The great paywall debate: Will the New York Times’ new model work?. Retrieved fromhttp://www.niemanlab.org/2010/12/the-great-paywall-debate-will-the-new-york-times-new-model-work/

106. Rosenstiel, T., Mitchell, A., Rainie, L., & Purcell, K. (2011, March 14). Survey: Mobile news & paying online. In Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism,The state of the news media 2011. Retrieved fromhttp://stateofthemedia.org/2011/mobile-survey/

109. National Conference on Citizenship. (2010, September 16). Categories of civic health: 2010 civic health assessment: Executive summary. Retrieved from http://www.ncoc.net/index.php?tray=content&tid=top5&cid=103k118

110. Ibid., “Conclusions and Recommendations.” Retrieved fromhttp://www.ncoc.net/index.php?tray=content&tid=top5&cid=103k119

111. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. (2010, December 14). Executive Order: White House Council for Community Solutions. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/12/14/executive-order-white-house-council-community-solutions

112. The FTC explained the project by saying, “Consumers are increasingly turning to the Internet for news and information. Advertisers are moving ads to online sites and scaling back on ad buys as a result of the recession, and news organizations are struggling with large debts they took on during better times. As a result, some are questioning how journalism can survive and thrive in the future.” Federal Trade Commission (2010, February 23). FTC announces second workshop on the future of journalism March 9–10 at headquarters [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2010/02/news2010.shtm

113. Federal Trade Commission (FTC). (n.d.). Potential policy recommendations to support the reinvention of journalism[Discussion draft](p. 5). Retrieved from Available at: http://www.ftc.gov/opp/workshops/news/index.shtml

114. “Although the concept of charitably oriented joint ventures seems simple in the abstract, it has been a subject of both litigation and uncertainty. As a consequence, these ventures are expensive to form and operate. Furthermore, they are the subject of heightened attention from the Internal Revenue Service. Even worse, the statutes and regulations applicable to not-for-profit organizations that are private foundations create an added layer of complexity in joint ventures, both as participants and as passive investors. The statutory and regulatory restrictions reinforce a false dichotomy between the public and private sectors when, in fact, the objectives of both could be furthered by laws recognizing the very real and significant overlap and potential synergy between the two. (For a good example, we need only look to ProPublica.) In other words, existing laws discourage what would otherwise be the organic formation of mutually beneficial partnerships between non-profit and for-profit enterprises.”Hoffer, S. R. (2008).Taxes, local journalism, and transition to the public sector(p. 5). Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/33255595/Stephanie-Hoffer-on-Taxes-Local-Journalism-Transition-to-Public-Sector

115. Hamilton, J. T. (2010). The road ahead for media hybrids: Report of the Duke Nonprofit Media Conference. Retrieved from http://dewitt.sanford.duke.edu/images/uploads/About_3_Research_A_3_Report.pdf

116. Tozzi, J. (2010, April 13). Maryland passes ‘Benefit Corp.’ law for social entrepreneurs. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/running_small_business/archives/2010/04/benefit_corp_bi.html See also Maryland HB 1009. Available at http://mlis.state.md.us/2010rs/chapters_noln/Ch_98_hb1009T.pdf.

117. FTC, Potential Policy Recommendations, pp. 26–27. See, e.g., 11 V.S.A. §§3001(27) (“The Vermont Statute”): ‘L3C’ or ‘Low-profit limited liability company’ means a person organized under this chapter that is organized for a business purpose that satisfies and is at all times operated to satisfy each of the following requirements: (A) The Company significantly furthers the accomplishment of one or more charitable or educational purposes within the meaning of Section 170(c)(2)(B) of the IRS Code of 1986, 26 U.S.C. Section 170 (c)(2)(B); and (ii) would not have been formed but for the company’s relationship to the accomplishment of charitable or educational purposes. (B) No significant purpose of the company is the production of income or the appreciation of property; provided, however, that the fact that a person produces significant income or capital appreciation shall not, in the absence of other factors, be conclusive evidence of a significant purpose involving the production of income or the appreciation of property. (C) No purpose of the company is to accomplish one or more political or legislative purposes within the meaning of Section 170(c)(2)(D) of the IRS code of 1986, 26 U.S.C. Section 170(c)(2)(D). (D) If a company that met the definition of this subdivision (27) at its formation at any time ceases to satisfy any one of the requirements, it shall immediately cease to be a low-profit LLC, but by continuing to meet all the other requirements of this chapter, will continue to exist as a limited liability company. The name of the company must be changed to be in conformance with subsection 3005(a). Nearly identical legislation has passed in Illinois, Michigan, Utah, and Wyoming.

118. Hoffer, 2008, p. 6.

119. Recommended by Downie & Schudson, 2009. 120. For a discussion on these issues, see the testimony of Rick Edmonds of the Poynter Institute, Joel Kramer of MinnPost and James O’Shea of the Chicago News Cooperative. Federal Trade Commission. (2010, June). Hearing transcript (pp. 48–54). In J. Leibowitz (Chair), From town criers to bloggers: How will journalism survive the Internet age? Washington, DC. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ftc.gov/opp/workshops/news/transcripts/100309transcript.pdf

121. Ibid.

122. Hoffer, 2008, p. 10.

123. Federal Communications Commission (FCC). (2010, May 25). Notice of Inquiry: 2010 Quadrennial Regulatory Review [MB Docket No. 09-182]. Retrieved from http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-10-92A1.doc In conjunction with the NOI, Commissioner Michael Copps issued a statement saying there has been a 39 percent decrease in the number of commercial radio station owners and a 33 percent decrease in the number of television station owners between 1996 and 2010. “It is difficult to fully quantify the harmful effects that media consolidation has had on the news, information and entertainment we receive. Fewer and fewer voices do not an informed electorate and robust democracy make. Our country urgently needs a media that is reflective of our diverse communities and interests. While minorities currently comprise roughly 34 percentof the nation’s population, they own only3.15 percentof full-power commercial TV stations. And, while women make up 51 percentof the population, they only own 5.87 percentof full-power commercial TV stations. These numbers are appalling. If a central tenet of our FCC mandate is to promote diversity in the media, which it is, then we need diverse ownership policies to help that happen. Anyone who actually thinks that who owns the media doesn’t significantly affect how our country is being informed is not paying attention. Shortchanging ownership diversity is shortchanging our civic dialogue. (Retrieved from http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-10-92A2.doc) Commissioner Robert McDowell issued a statement saying, “Burdensome rules that have remained essentially intact for more than a decade should not be allowed to continue impeding, or potentially impeding, the ability of broadcasters and newspapers to survive and thrive in the digital era. It is not at all clear, of course, that relaxation or elimination of the existing rules necessarily will lead to a major wave of ownership consolidation…We have a statutory obligation to eliminate unnecessary mandates and bring our regulations into line with the modern marketplace.” (Retrieved from http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-10-92A3.doc)

124. Pew Project for Excellence in Journalism. (2010). Major trends. In The state of the news media 2010. Retrieved from http://stateofthemedia.org/2010/overview-3/major-trends/

125. Gant, S. (2007). We’re all journalists now: The transformation of the press and reshaping of the law in the Internet age.New York, NY: Free Press. The author writes, “These technological advances are converging with a series of social and economic forces to transform journalism. This transformation should help bring into focus a reality we somehow lost sight of—that journalism is an endeavor, not a job title, it is defined by activity, not by how one makes a living, or the quality of one’s work. Although we are not all engaged in the practice of journalism, any one of us can be if we want to. In that respect, we’re all journalists now (p. 6).”

126. Ibid., pp,24–25.

127. Briggs, M. (2010, August 9). Jobs in journalism growing [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.journalism20.com/blog/2010/08/09/jobs-in-journalism-growing/

128. Abello, C. (2010, May 19). Wisconsin governor signs shield law for reporters. Retrieved fromthe Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Presswebsite: http://www.rcfp.org/newsitems/index.php?i=11439Keywords:%20%C2%B7%20reporters%20privilege%20%C2%B7%20Shield%20Law%20%C2%B7%20Wisconsin

129. Adams, R. (2010, September 13). Locally focused foundations increase support for community news and information projects [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.informationneeds.org/round-iii-kcic-winners

130. National Conference on Citizenship. (2011, January 14). Renewing America’s civic health: NCoC seeks 2011 CHI partners. Retrieved from http://www.ncoc.net/2011partners “Renewing America’s Civic Health, NCoC Seeks 2011 CHI partners,” January 14, 2011. Available at http://www.ncoc.net/2011partners

131. Newton, E. (2010, January 6). Shame on us if we don’t take the steps needed to feed knowledge to our democracy [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.niemanlab.org/2010/01/eric-newton-shame-on-us-if-we-dont-take-the-steps-needed-to-feed-knowledge-to-our-democracy/

132. Journalism that matters: An overview [Video file]. (2010, April 4). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=erZd_Dxr98s

133. Kennedy, G., & Moen, D. (Eds.). What good is journalism? How reporters and editors are saving America’s way of life(pp. 11-12). Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 2007.

134. “Creating informed communities is a task for everyone. Everyone should feel a responsibility to participate” (Knight Commission Report, 2009, p. 55).

135. Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2010).Blur: How to know what’s true in the age of information overload ( Epilogue). New York, NY: Bloomsbury.

136. Fancher, M. R. (2009, Fall). The 21^stcentury journalist’s creed. Nieman Reports. Retrieved from http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/reportsitem.aspx?id=101895

137. Minnesota Public Radio is widely acknowledged asthe pioneer in creating a public insight network. See http://minnesota.publicradio.org/publicinsightjournalism/

138. Rosen. J. (2006, August 19). Welcome to NewAssignment.Net [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.newassignment.net/blog/jay_rosen/welcome_to_newassignment_net.

139. Cowan. G. (2008). Leading the way to better news: The role of leadership in a world where most of the ‘powers that be’ became ‘powers that were. Retrieved from http://communicationleadership.usc.edu/pubs/Leading%20the%20Way.pdf

140. Fancher, Of the Press, pp. 16–18.

141. Block, P. (2008).Community: The structure of belonging (p. 85). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.

142. See http://journalismthatmatters.org/

143. Holman, P. (2010). Engaging emergence: Turning upheaval into opportunity(p. 47). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.

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